Journal of Studies in Science and Engineering

Compact Multiband Circularly Polarized Filtering Antenna

Kiran Sonawane — 2024-12-30

A miniature circularly polarised filtering antenna device is presented here. The device has an impeccably circular radiating patch coupled with pins to stripline circuits with open-loop ring resonators. In the proposed design, the filter's last stage acts as a radiating patch and has a low profile of 0.57λ0 x 0.57λ0 x 0.07λ0 at a centre frequency of 4.26 GHz. The codesigned filtering circuit improves the wide impedance bandwidth and axial ratio of 3 dB bandwidth. The filtenna was designed, fabricated and measured, gaining more than 2.5 dB and S11< -14 dB for an impedance bandwidth of 700 MHz from 4.1 to 4.8 GHz. Impedance bandwidth, which is needed for wireless applications, is 13.33%. The developed circularly polarised codesign filtering antenna was verified using full wave models and testing. The filtering antenna is useful for biomedical applications such as wearable and 5G applications

The Feasibility of RCA Treatments Utilised in Asphalt Mixtures to Enhance their Properties and Performance: Narrative Review

Nadheer Albayati — 2024-12-30

Recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) can be utilised instead of virgin aggregates to produce hot asphalt mixtures. This contributes to solving the difficulty of construction waste disposal and mitigates the supply-demand dilemma associated with implementing the sustainability strategy. Nevertheless, the presence of cement mortar in the recycled concrete aggregate leads to changes in its mechanical and physical characteristics, posing a major challenge. Therefore, researchers investigated methods to mitigate the harm caused by this cement mortar through various treatments. This paper offers a narrative review of the feasibility of employing several treatments or techniques on recycled concrete aggregates to enhance the susceptibility of asphalt mixtures to fatigue, water damage, permanent deformation, and Marshall properties. Several treatments have been discussed, such as heating, coating, mechanical treatment, immersing RCA in chemical solutions, and the composite method. This review concludes that mechanical treatment is the most practical and effective, making it the most likely to succeed in practical application.

Control and Energy Management of a Hybrid Fuel Cell and Super-Capacitors System by Combining the Backstepping Approach and the Flatness Concept

Ahmed Moutabir — 2024-12-30

In remote and hard-to-reach areas, such as mountainous regions, the construction and maintenance of power lines are costly. As a result, an autonomous energy production system is necessary, favoring the use of renewable energies like solar panels and wind turbines. The diversification of these sources has led to their integration with an energy production grid, supplemented by storage devices and a generator to mitigate power outages. Replacing the diesel generator with a fuel cell system can ensure complete autonomy of the energy supply. The fuel cell system meets electricity demands when sunlight or wind conditions are insufficient. This paper focuses on power management in a dual-source hybrid system comprising a fuel cell and super-capacitors (SC). The first step involves modeling the fuel cell and the system's various converters. The second step includes synthesising non-linear control strategies based on the backstepping approach and energy management using the flatness concept. These strategies account for the fuel cell's dynamics and constraints. Finally, the results were validated through simulations using Matlab's SimPower tool.

Carbon Particle Size from Galangal Rhizomes as the Sustainable Adsorbent: Synthesis and Mathematical Calculation Analysis in the Adsorption Isotherm Characteristics

Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto — 2024-12-30

This study investigates the impact of carbon particle size derived from Galangal Rhizomes on adsorption isotherm characteristics, aiming to establish its effectiveness as an adsorbent. Galangal Rhizomes were selected due to their rich carbon compounds, including cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, starch, pectin, and fiber, making them ideal for carbon-based adsorbents. The carbonization process involved subjecting Galangal Rhizomes to 250°C for 9 hours, then milling and sieving to obtain specific particle sizes (500, 1000, and 2000 µm). Characterization was done using digital microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using a curcumin solution as the model adsorbate, comparing results with ten standard isotherm models. Findings revealed that small carbon particles (500 µm) underwent monolayer adsorption, while large particles (1000 and 2000 µm) exhibited multilayer adsorption. The study concluded that Galangal Rhizomes-derived carbon particles are effective for colour waste cleanup, providing a natural, sustainable, and environmentally friendly solution aligned with sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Integrated Methodology for Construction Site Selection: A Case Study of the Tazeh Abad Neighborhood, Sanandaj City

Salah Vaisi — 2024-12-30

The best site selection for building construction projects is a substantial challenge in urban and architectural engineering because, in most cases, selecting a project's location is influenced by the intentions of politicians and the commands of governments rather than logical decisions. This gap has resulted in catastrophic mistakes in some cases. This research presents an expanded authentic method to address the gaps and aims to develop a technical approach for site selection by integrating qualitative parameters with quantitative factors using a Multi-Dimensional Matrix (MDM). About 70 qualitative and quantitative indicators, such as physical attributes, infrastructures, land features, access to services, brownfields, population density, landscape, environmental characters, and other effective parameters, based on the analysis of the research background as well as the opinions of 10 experts, were identified and classified. The method was implemented using a case study in which effective factors were analyzed in detail. In addition, the questionnaire method was also applied to discover the deficiencies of the case study site and its potential and to consider the residents' demands as the real participants of the project. The suggested method is a proper alternative to current arbitrary methods and minimizes mistakes.

Applying a New Feature Selection Method for Accurate Prediction of Earthquakes Using a Soft Voting Classifier

Oqbah Salim Atiyah — 2024-12-30

Earthquakes are among the most hazardous natural disasters, posing significant threats to infrastructure, property and human life. This is primarily due to the sudden nature of earthquakes, which often provide little to no time for preparation. Consequently, the issue of earthquake prediction is crucial for human safety. Developing a reliable and highly accurate earthquake prediction model using machine learning (ML) methods can enhance our understanding of these complex natural phenomena, ultimately aiding in preserving lives and mitigating earthquake-related damage. In this study, we propose a novel feature selection approach that integrates two methods: normalisation based on analysis of variance and the Chi-squared technique, along with correlation based on Logistic Regression (CLR-AVCH). This approach aims to identify the most relevant features to expedite model training, minimise errors and optimise outcomes. We employ three algorithms (Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree and Random Forest) to uncover and identify patterns in the collected data. A soft voting classifier is then constructed, combining the best-performing models (Decision Tree and Random Forest) to create a unified model that leverages both strengths, improving prediction accuracy. The proposed methodology achieves high-performance metrics, including accuracy, F1 score, recall and precision (0.99, 0.98, 0.98 and 0.98, respectively). Future work will focus on implementing new feature selection techniques alongside hybrid algorithms with soft voting classifiers to enhance diagnostic capabilities.

Comparative Studies on Micro-Fins Geometry for Fin Efficiency and Effectiveness

Hari Prasadarao Pydi — 2024-12-30

The emergence of high-speed internet connectivity has enabled the development of very large-scale, integrated semiconductor chips and processors. High-speed data processors emit heat energy proportional to their operation speeds. Micro-fins have broad applications in medical devices and for cooling solar and fuel cells. Herein, natural convective heat transfer studies were conducted on copper- and aluminium-coated micro-fins. Rectangular, triangular, and parabolic specimens were fabricated (dimensions: 45×45×6mm³, spacing: 5 mm). The rectangular copper-coated micro-fin exhibited better performance than triangular micro-fins. Among all specimens, the parabolic copper- and aluminium-coated ones exhibited the best fin efficiency and effectiveness. The parabolic aluminium-coated micro-fin showed fin efficiency and fin effectiveness of 98.80% and 2.0, respectively, after one hour of heating. For the same heating duration, the parabolic copper-coated micro-fin showed the highest fin efficiency of 99.02%; its fin effectiveness was 2.60. The copper-coated micro-fin with the same geometry showed fin efficiency and effectiveness of 99.02 and 2.493, respectively, for four hours of heating.

The Initial Estimation of Anthropogenic Heat Emission in Cairo, Depending on the Inventory Approach

Shimaa Saadeldin — 2024-12-30

Cairo in Egypt is one of the megacities that suffer from the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon because of its high population, lack of greens, use of traditional materials and anthropogenic heat flux (AHF). The present study aimed to estimate AHF in Cairo for 2010, 2015 and 2020, depending on the energy inventory approach. The results showed that the average anthropogenic heat was 28.4 w/m2, 24.45 w/m2 and 21.96 w/m2 in 2010, 2015 and 2020, respectively. Vehicles were the main cause, followed by buildings, metabolism and industry. AHF per capita share was 1803.21 w/m2, 1514.7 w/m2 and 1313.45 w/m2 during the years of the study. Depending on Cairo's population data from CAMPAS and the estimated area, the hotspots were detected in Bāb ash-Sha'riyah and Al-Mūskī. The study further found that the average AHF in Cairo decreased due to GDP and the decline in per capita share and that if the consumed energy rates and gross domestic product (GDP) were within the global averages, AHF would have increased by 40%–43%. Understanding AHF patterns and causal weights is crucial for urban planning to manage AHF hotspots, to ensure people's health by maximizing thermal comfort impacts, and to plan future interventions to reduce AHF.

Flood Inundation Modelling and Reduction by Dike Construction in Urban Areas: A Case Study in Erbil, Iraqi Kurdistan

Anwer Hazim Dawood — 2024-12-30

In recent years, Erbil has faced an elevated risk of floods due to climate change and incorrect land development design and management. To tackle this issue, this study uses Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) software to address flood inundation and reduction by constructing dikes. This involved using a digital elevation model (DEM) in the study area (Mass Village) east of Erbil. The study delineated the catchment area and employed watershed modelling system (WMS) software. Furthermore, Hydrologic Engineering Center Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) software was used to create a flood hydrograph, which the HEC-RAS software used to estimate flood inundation areas, velocity, and water levels. The study identified water surface areas and velocities prone to flooding in the urbanised area, with water depths ranging from 0 to 5 m. The model was rerun after the construction of the dikes, resulting in water depths ranging from 0 to 7.2 m upstream of the dikes. The modelling results indicated a water depth of 0 m downstream of the dike (protected area), demonstrating that the dike's construction successfully reduced flooding in the urbanised area.

Crop-Weed Segmentation and Classification Using YOLOv8 Approach for Smart Farming

Sandip Sonawane — 2024-12-30

Accurately segmenting crop and weed images in agricultural fields is crucial for precision farming and effective weed management. This study introduces a new method that leverages the YOLOv8 object detection model for precise crop and weed segmentation in challenging agricultural scenes. Our approach involves preprocessing agricultural images to enhance feature representation, followed by YOLOv8 for initial crop and weed detection. Thorough experiments using standard datasets comprising 2630 images demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method concerning precision, recall, mean average precision (mAP), and F1 score compared to existing techniques. These findings contribute to advancing crop-weed segmentation techniques, offering practical solutions for efficient weed management and precision agriculture. Our proposed approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods found in the literature. Our methodology presents a promising framework for automated crop-weed segmentation with applications in crop monitoring, yield estimation, and weed control strategies, supporting sustainable agricultural practices.

Design and Application of Agricultural Integrated Management System Based on TLINK

Lijun Guo — 2024-12-30

With the continuous advancement of science and technology, the era of the Internet of Everything has arrived. Agricultural management is becoming more and more intelligent and refined. Agricultural Internet of Things technology is vital in data collection, transmission, user management, etc. To achieve a highly integrated and low-cost smart agriculture with data display. This paper designs an intelligent agricultural management system based on low-cost ESP8266 WIFI Internet of Things technology, aiming to transform traditional agricultural management into a smart, remote, and data-user collaborative mode. The system integrates sensor nodes such as temperature, humidity, light, and carbon dioxide to replace traditional industrial sensors for real-time agricultural environmental data collection, which can realise the automation of irrigation, ventilation, temperature control, lighting, etc. It can start the ecological control system through local voice control. WIFI data transmission, data management through the TLINK cloud platform, PC or mobile phone APP, online remote data viewing and control at any time for agricultural management. The experimental results show that the system has good stability, reliability, high integration, strong environmental adaptability, accurate data, and less packet loss. It dramatically reduces the cost of intelligent agricultural management and construction difficulty, bringing users higher economic benefits.

Contextual Preservation and Contemporary Facilitation of Qaisaria in Iraqi Kurdistan Region

Mohammad Ahmed Shehab — 2024-12-30

Qaisarias, traditional marketplace with rich cultural and architectural importance, are distinctive element of urban settings in the Islamic world and beyond. Integrating them into contemporary urban settings is essential to preserve their historical significance and practical purpose. The article examines the integration of Qaisaria's historic buildings in Iraqi Kurdistan's urban setting, highlighting the area's unique architectural legacy. This study highlights deficiencies in existing studies on the impact of formal and synthetic relationships in urban contexts. It emphasizes the need for a more comprehensive understanding and evaluation of how these relationships affect urban cohesion and architectural integrity. By examining how successfully Qaisaria buildings in Erbil and Sulaimanyah integrate with their urban contexts, this research aims to close this gap. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this study combines data obtained from direct field observations, analysis of space syntax, and comprehensive case studies to assess the integration of Qaisaria buildings into their urban environments. The data reveal varying degrees of integration between formal and synthetic relationships. Some buildings display distinct disparities in their formal integrity compared to their synthetic integration, resulting in diverse integration outcomes within their urban surroundings—the discussion centers on the implications of these findings for urban planning and the conservation of cultural assets. The paper asserts that specific assessments are essential to enhance the incorporation of Qaisaria buildings into their urban environments.